A lot, which is exactly why we picked these ingredients.

For NR, there are multiple human clinical trials showing it reliably raises NAD+ levels. One 8-week randomized trial found that 300 mg per day increased whole-blood NAD+ by 51%, while 1,000 mg per day increased it by 142%. Other human trials have tested doses up to 2,000 to 3,000 mg per day. There are dozens of more we leveraged during formulation.

For collagen, the research is huge. A 2023 meta-analysis looked at 26 randomized controlled trials with 1,721 people and found significant improvements in skin hydration and elasticity. Another 2026 review looked at 19 randomized trials involving 1,341 people and found benefits across hydration, brightness and wrinkles.

Rutin has been studied for decades for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, including how it interacts with oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling in the body. The human evidence isn’t as developed as NR or collagen yet, but the underlying science is one of the reasons we chose it.

And then there’s coffee, one of the most studied foods on earth. New studies come out daily around ties to memory, heart health and so much else -- needless to say, we're drinking more coffee!

The fun part is that this research keeps moving. In the age of AI, it’s easier than ever to look this stuff up yourself, and we genuinely encourage you to. We’ll keep publishing the studies we find most interesting on our Science page too.